home icon user icon
Welcome to International Network for Natural Sciences | INNS Pub.
Home My Account
Submit Manuscript
double_slash
breadcumb_bg

Update on the population of Phytophthora sp. agent of cocoa black pod disease in Côte d’Ivoire

Paper Details

Research Paper 12/12/2023
Views (580) Download (41)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Update on the population of Phytophthora sp. agent of cocoa black pod disease in Côte d’Ivoire

Coulibaly Klotioloma, Ouattara Adama, Guiraud Brigitte Sahin, Dibi-Gogbé Françoise, Kouame N’Dri Norbert, Acka Kotaix Jacque, N’guessan Walet Pierre, Mathias, Tahi Gnion, Kone Daouda, N’guessan Kouamé François
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res.23( 6), 10-20, December 2023.
Certificate: IJAAR 2023 [Generate Certificate]
Key: Black pod diseaseCôte d’IvoirePCR-RFLPPhytophthoraPopulation

Abstract

Black pod disease is a major constraint on cocoa production in all African cocoa-producing countries, particularly Côte d’Ivoire. In Africa, this disease is caused by two main species of the genus Phytophthora (P. palmivora and P. megakarya). The former is cosmopolitan and less aggressive, while the latter is endemic and very aggressive. Traditionally, only the P. palmivora species had been identified on cocoa in Côte d’Ivoire. However, in recent decades, high incidences of the disease have been recorded in several regions of the country, probably due to the emergence of a new species. The aim of this study was to update the population of Phytophthora sp. in Côte d’Ivoire by identifying the Phytophthora species colonizing the cocoa orchard. To this end, in addition to morphological identification, the PCR-RFLP technique using the Alu I and Hae III restriction enzymes, sequencing of the ITS region, and phylogenetic analysis, was used to characterize Phytophthora sp. isolates from the country’s main cocoa-growing areas. The results showed that the approximate size of the DNA fragments of the isolates studied was 900 bp. DNA sequencing of a sample of 50 isolates revealed 60% P. palmivora and 40% P. megakarya. This study provided molecular confirmation of the presence of P. megakarya in Côte d’Ivoire. The use of the PCR-RFLP technique therefore enables rapid and precise identification of Phytophthora species causing cocoa black pod disease. Hence its importance for decision-making in the management of this disease in Côte d’Ivoire.

VIEWS 229
Cover PDF

Akrofi AY, Amoako-Atta I, Assuah M, Asare EK. 2015. Black pod disease on cacao (Theobroma cacao L) in Ghana: spread of Phytophthora megakarya and role of economic plants in disease epidemiology. Crop protection 72, 66-75.

Akrofi AY. 2015. Phytophthora megakarya: A Review on Its Status as a Pathogen on Cacao in West Africa. African Crop Science Journal 23(1), 67-87.

Ali SS, Amoako-Attahab I, Bailey RA, Strem MD, Schmidt M, Akrofi AY, Surujdeo-Maharaj S, Kolawole OO, Begoude BAD, ten Hoopen GM, Goss E, Phillips-Mora W, Meinhardt LW, Bailey BA. 2016. PCR-based identification of cacao black pod causal agents and identification of biological factors possibly contributing to Phytophthora megakarya’s field dominance in West Africa. Plant Pathology, 1-15.

Appiah AA, Flood J, Bridge P, Archer S. 2003. Inter-and intraspecific morphometric variation and characterization of Phytophthora isolates from cocoa. Plant Pathology 52(2), 168-180.

Babacauh KD. 1980. Structure et dynamique des populations de Phytophthora sp. Parasite du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.). Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat, Université de Paris-Sud, centre d’Orsay, France, 153p.

Bailey BA, Ali SS, Meinhardt LW. 2016. Phytophthora megakarya, a Causal Agent of Black Pod Rot in Africa. In: Cacao Diseases: A History of Old Enemies and New Encounters. Bryan A.B. & Meinhardt L.W. (Editors). Springer International Publishing, Switzerland: 267-306.

Bezuidenhout CM, Denman S, Kirk SA, Botha WJ, Mostert L, McLeod A. 2010. Phytophthora taxa associated with cultivated Agathosma, with emphasis on the P. citricola complex and P. capensis sp. nov. Persoonia 25, 32– 49.

Blair JE, Coffey MD, Park S-Y, Geiser DM, Kang S. 2008. A Multilocus phylogeny for Phytophthora utilizing markers derived from complete genome sequences. Fungal Genetics and Biology 45, 266-277.

Brasier C, Griffin M. 1979. Taxonomy of Phytophthora palmivora on cocoa. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 72, 111–43.

Cooke DEL, Drenth A, Duncan JM, Wagels G, Brasier CM. 2000. A Molecular Phylogeny of Phytophthora and Related Oomycetes, Fungal Genetics and Biology 30, 17-32.

Coulibaly K, Aka RA, Camara B, Kassin E, Kouakou K, Kébé BI, Koffi NK, Tahi MG, Walet NP, Guiraud SB, Assi ME, Kone B, N’Guessan KF, Koné D. 2018. Molecular Identification of Phytophthora palmivora in the Cocoa Tree Orchard of Côte d’Ivoire and Assessment of the Quantitative Component of Pathogenicity. Internationale Journale of Science 7(8), 7-15.

Crawford AR, Bassam BJ, Drenth A, Maclean DJ, Irwin JAG. 1996. Evolutionary relationships among Phytophthora species deduced from rDNA sequence analysis. Mycological Research 100(4), 437–443.

Dakwa JT. 1987. A serious outbreak of blackpod disease in a marginal area of Ghana. Proceedings of the 10th Int. Cacao Res. Conf., Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 17- 23rd May, 1987.

Förster H, Cummings MP, Coffey MD. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships of Phytophthora species based on ribosomal ITS I DNA sequence analysis with emphasis on Waterhouse groups V and VI. Mycological Research 104(9), 1055–1061.

Gallegly ME, Hong C. 2008. Phytophthora: Identifying species by morphology and DNA fingerprints. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.

Guest D. 2007. Black Pod: Diverse pathogens with a global impact on cocoa yield. Phytopathology 97(12), 1650-1653.

Husson C, Thoirain B, Ioos R, Frey P, Marçais B. 2006. L’eau, vecteur d’agents pathogènes : cas du Phytophthora de l’Aulne. Review. Forestry. French. LVIII 351-360.

ICCO. 2022. Quarterly Bulletin of Cocoa Statistics Vol. XLVIII, No.3, Cocoa year 2021/22. 1p.

Lessa IZV, Luz EDMN, Magalhães DMA., Bezerra JL, Pires JL. 2020. Morphology and aggressiveness of isolates of Phytophthora palmivora from cacao trees in Bahia state. Summa Phytopathol. 46, 228–235.

Luz ED, Magalhães DMA, Neto AAP, Filho LPS, Magalhães LA, Filho AFF. 2018. Influência do sistema de cultivo na biogeografia das espécies de Phytophthora patogênicas ao cacaueiro na Bahia. Brasil. Agrotrópica 30, 205–214.

Marelli JP, Guest DI, Bailey BA, Evans HC, Brown JK, Junaid HCE, 2019. Chocolate under threat from old and new cacao diseases. Phytopathology 109, 1331–1343.

Martin FN, Blair JE, Coffey MD. 2014. A combined mitochondrial and nuclear multilocus phylogeny of the genus Phytophthora. Fungal Genetics and Biology 66, 19-32.

Martin FN, Tooley PW. 2004. Identification of Phytophthora isolates to species level using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a polymerase chain reaction-amplified region of mitochondrial DNA. Phytopathology 94, 983-991.

Mfegue CV, Herail C, Adreit H, Mbemoun M, Techou Z, Ten Hoopen M, Tharreau D, Ducamp M. 2012. Microsatellite markers of population studies of Phytophthora megakarya (Pythiaceae) a cacao pathogen in Africa. American Journal of Botany 99 (9), e353-e356.

Mfegue V. 2012. Origine and mécanismes de dispersion des populations de Phytophthora megakarya, pathogène du cacaoyer au Cameroun. Thèse de doctorat. Centre international d’études supérieures en sciences agronomiques Montpellier-SupAgro, 186p.

Muller E, Ravel S, Agret C, Abrokwah F, Dzahini-Obiatey H, Galyuon I, Wetten A. 2018. Next generation sequencing elucidates cacao badnavirus diversity and reveals the existence of more than ten viral species. Virus Research 244, 235–251.

Nagel J, Gryzenhout M, Slipers B, Wingfield M. 2013. The occurrence and impact of Phytophthora on the African Continent (in) Phytophthora: A Global perspective, (ed) Kurt Lamour. CABI International: 204-214.

Ndoumbe-Nkeng M, Cilas C, Nyemb E, Nyasse S, Bieysse D, Flori A. 2004. Impact of removing diseased pods on cocoa black pod caused by Phytophthora megakarya and on cocoa production in Cameroon. Crop Protection 23, 415-424.

Nyasse S, Grivet L, Risterucci AM, Blaha G, Berry D, Lanaud C. 1999. Diversity of Phytophthora megakarya in Central and West Africa revealed by isozyme and RAPD markers. Mycological Research 103, 1225- 1234.

Opoku IY, Akrofi AY, Appiah AA. 2002. Shade trees are alternative hosts of the cacao pathogen Phytophthora megakarya. Crop Protection 21, 629-634.

Ortiz Garcia CF. 1996. Etude de la diversité génétique de populations de Phytophthora pathogens du cacaoyer (Theobroma cacao L.) et du cocotier (Cocos nucefera L). Thèse de Doctorat de l’université Paul Sabatier, 85p.

Puig AS, Ali S, Strem M, Sicher R, Gutierrez OA, Bailey BA. 2018. The differential influence of temperature on Phytophthora megakarya and Phytophthora palmivora pod lesion expansion, mycelia growth, gene expression, and metabolite profiles. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 102, 95–112.

Rafin C, Bryg Y, Tirilly Y. 1995. Restriction analysis of amplified ribosomal DNA of Pyfhium spp. isolated from soilless culture systems. Mycol. Res. 99 (3), 277-281.

Ristaino JB, Gumpertz ML. 2000. New frontiers in the study of dispersal and spatial analysis of epidemics caused by species in the genus Phytophthora. Annual Review Phytopathology 38, 541-576.

Risterucci AM, Paulin D, Ducamp M, N’Goran JAK, Lanaud C. 2003. Identification of QTLs related to cocoa resistance to three species of Phytophthora. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 108, 168-174.

Rizali A, Tscharntke T, Buchori D, Clough Y. 2017. Separating effects of species identity and species richness on predation, pathogen dissemination and resistance to invasive species in tropical ant communities. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 20, 122-130.

Sansome E, Brasier CM, Griffin MJ. 1975. Chromosome size differences in Phytophthora palmivora, a pathogen of cocoa. Nature 255, 704-705.

Sansome E, Brasier CM, Sansome FW. 1979. Further cytological studies on the Ltype and S-type of Phytophthora from cocoa. Transactions of British Mycological Society 73, 293-302.

Stamps DJ, Waterhouse GM, Newhook FJ, Hall GS. 1990. Revised tabular key to the species of the Phytophthora, Mycological papers 162, CAB International Mycological Institute, Kew, London, 28 p.

ten Hoopen G, Martijn, Babin R, Mahob R, Yede, Soungo O, Bourgoing R, Petchayo S, Techou Z. 2012. Dispersal and distribution of Phytophthora megakarya in young cacao plantations.

Themann K, Werres S, Luttmann R, Diener HA. 2002. Observations of Phytophthora spp. in water recirculation systems in commercial hardy ornamental nursery stocks. European Journal of Plant Patholology 108, 337–343.

Waterhouse GM. 1963. Key to the species of Phytophthora De Bary. Mycological Papers 92, 1-22  White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J. 1990. Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis MA, Gelfand DH, Sninsky JJ, White TJ, eds. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. London, UK: Academic Press, 315–22.

Submit Manuscript