The Causes of Gastrointestinal Tract Perforation and its Management
Paper Details
The Causes of Gastrointestinal Tract Perforation and its Management
Abstract
Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract may be suspected based upon the patient’s clinical presentation, or the diagnosis becomes obvious through a report of extra luminal “free” gas or fluid or fluid collection on diagnostic imaging performed to evaluate abdominal pain or another symptom. Clinical manifestations depend somewhat on the organ affected and the nature of the contents released (gas, succus entericus, stool), as well as the ability of the surrounding tissues to contain those contents. Intestinal perforation can present acutely or in an indolent manner (e.g., abscess or intestinal fistula formation). A confirmatory diagnosis is made primarily using abdominal imaging studies, but on occasion, exploration of the abdomen (open or laparoscopic) may be needed to make a diagnosis. Specific treatment depends upon the nature of the disease process that caused the perforation. Some etiologies are amenable to a nonoperative approach, while others will require emergent surgery.
Abid S, Mumtaz K, Jafri W. 2005. Pill-induced esophageal injury: endoscopic features and clinical outcomes. Endoscopy 37, 740-745.
Afifi L, Sanchez IM, Wallace MM. 2018. Diagnosis and management of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum: A systematic review. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 78, 1195-1196.
Agu K, Nzegwu M, Obi E. 2014. Prevalence, morbidity, and mortality patterns of typhoid ileal perforation as seen at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria: an 8-year review. World Journal of Surgery 38, 2514-2518.
Akinwale MO, Sanusi AA, Adebayo OK. 2016. Typhoid perforation: post- operative intensive care unit care and outcome. African Journal of Paediatroy Surgery 13, 175-180.
Aloysius MM, Kaye PV, Lobo DN. 2006. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced colonic strictures and perforation: a case report. Diagonoses Liver Diseases 38, 276-280.
Ameh EA. 1999. Typhoid ileal perforation in children: a scourge in developing countries. Annal of Tropic Paediatroy 19, 267–272.
Andrabi SA, Andrabi SI, Mansha M, Ahmed M. 2007. An iatrogenic complication of closed tube thoracostomy for penetrating chest trauma. New Zealand Medical Journal 120, 27-84.
Andrews JR, Ryan ET. 2015. Diagnostics for invasive Salmonella infections: Current challenges and future directions. Vaccine 33, 8–15.
Annells M. 2006. The experience of flatus incontinence from a bowel ostomy: a hermeneutic phenomenology. Journal Wound Ostomy Continence Nursery 33, 518-521.
Baker S, Hombach J, Marks F. 2016. What Have We Learned From the Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program? Clinical Infectious Diseases 62, 1–3.
Behrman SW, Bertken KA, Stefanacci HA, Parks SN. 1998. Breakdown of intestinal repair after laparotomy for trauma: incidence, risk factors, and strategies for prevention. Journal of Trauma 45, 227-230.
Behrman SW. 2005. Management of complicated peptic ulcer disease. Archive of Surgery 140, 201-205.
Beraldo S, Titley G, Allan A. 2006. Use of W-plasty in stenotic stoma: a new solution for an old problem. Colorectal Diseases 8, 715-719.
Breiman RF, Cosmas L, Njuguna H, Audi A, Olack B, Ochieng JB, Wamola N, Bigogo GM, Awiti G, Tabu CW. 2012. Population-based incidence of typhoid fever in an urban informal settlement and a rural area in Kenya: implications for typhoid vaccine use in Africa. PLoS One 7, 291-319.
Brinster CJ, Singhal S, Lee L. 2004. Evolving options in the management of esophageal perforation. Annals of Thoractic Surgery 771475-1479.
Browning LE, Taylor JD, Clark SK, Karanjia ND. 2007. Jejunal perforation in gallstone ileus – a case series. Journal of Medical Case Report 1, 157-160.
Callen JP. 1998. Pyoderma gangrenosum. Lancet 351, 581-585.
Caricato M, Ausania F, Ripetti V. 2007. Retrospective analysis of long- term defunctioning stoma complications after colorectal surgery. Colorectal Diseases 9, 559-562.
Carmel J, Goldberg M. 2004. Preoperative and postoperative management. In: Fecal and Urinary Diversions: Management Principles, Colwell, J, Goldberg, M, Carmel, J (Eds), Mosby, St. Louis., p 207.
Carmel JE, Colwell JC, Goldberg MT. 2016. Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society® Core Curriculum: Ostomy Management, (Eds), Wolters Kluwer, Philadelphia.
Chaudhary P, Nabi I, Ranjan G, Tiwari AK, Kumar S, Kapur A, Arora MP. 2015. Prospective analysis of indications and early complications of emergency temporary loop ileostomies for perforation peritonitis. Annanls of Gastroenterology 28, 135–140.
Cheung MT. 1995. Complications of an abdominal stoma: an analysis of 322 stomas. Austrialian New Zealand Journal of Surgery 65, 808-812.
Colwell J. 2004. Principles of stoma management. In: Colwell, J, Goldberg, M, Carmel, J, Fecal and Urinary Diversions: Management Principles (Ed), Mosby, St. Louis, p240.
Corsi F, Previde P, Colombo F. 2006. Two cases of intestinal perforation in patients on anti-rheumatic treatment with etanercept. Clinical Exprimental Rheumatology 24, 113-115.
Cottam J, Richards K, Hasted A, Blackman A. 2007. Results of a nationwide prospective audit of stoma complications within 3 weeks of surgery. Colorectal Diseases 9, 834-839.
Covarrubias DA, O’Connor OJ, McDermott S, Arellano RS. 2013. Radiologic percutaneous gastrostomy: review of potential complications and approach to managing the unexpected outcome. American Journal of Roentgenology 200, 921-925.
Doughty D. 2005. Principles of ostomy management in the oncology patient. Journal of Support Oncology 3, 59-62.
Drake FT, Mottey NE, Farrokhi ET. 2014. Time to appendectomy and risk of perforation in acute appendicitis. JAMA Surgery 149, 837-880.
Eisenbach C, Merle U, Schirmacher P. 2006. Perforation of the esophagus after dilation treatment for dysphagia in a patient with eosinophilic esophagitis. Endoscopy 38, 43-45.
Eligijus P, Edvinas K, Edgaras S, Marijus A, Kestutis S. 2014. Complications after loop ileostomy closure: a retrospective analysis of 132 patients. Viszeralmedizin 30, 276–280.
Erwin-Toth P, Doughty D. 1992. Principles and procedures of stomal management. In: Ostomies and Continent Diversions: Nursing Management, Hampton, B, Bryant, R (Eds), Mosby, St. Louis, p29.
Erwin-Toth P. 2000. Prevention and management of peristomal skin complications. Advances in Skin Wound Care 13, 175-179.
Farrugia MK, Morgan AS, McHugh K, Kiely EM. 2003. Neonatal gastrointestinal perforation. Archives in Diseases Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 88, 75-79.
Floruta CV. 2001. Dietary choices of people with ostomies. Journal of Wound Ostomy Continence Nursery 28, 28.
Fujihara S, Mori H, Kobara H. 2013. An iatrogenic sigmoid perforation caused by an aortobifemoral graft mimicking an advanced colon cancer. Internal Medicine 52, 355-359.
Ghahremani GG, Turner MA, Port RB. 1980. Iatrogenic intubation injuries of the upper gastrointestinal tract in adults. Gastrointestinal Radiology 5, 1-5.
Güenaga KF, Lustosa SA, Saad SS. 2007. Ileostomy or colostomy for temporary decompression of colorectal anastomosis. Cochrane Database Systemic Review, 46-47.
Haider W, Majid A, Khanum A, Bhutta A. 2002. The prognostic factors in Typhoid Ileal Perforation. Pakistan Postgraduate Medical Journal 13, 4–8.
Harris DA, Egbeare D, Jones S. 2005. Complications and mortality following stoma formation. Annals of Royal College of Surgons Englands 87, 427-430.
Hassan F, Sinha RKR, Pratap V, Sinha DK. 2010. Ileostomy in management of typhoid enteric perforation presenting late: an experience at tertiary-care hospital, Jharkhand, India. Pakistan Journal of Surgery 26, 108–110.
Hayden DM, Pinzon MC, Francescatti AB. 2013. Hospital readmission for fluid and electrolyte abnormalities following ileostomy construction: preventable or unpredictable? Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 17, 298-302.
Hendren S, Hammond K, Glasgow SC. 2015.Clinical practice guidelines for ostomy surgery. Diseases of Colon Rectum 58, 375-379.
Hermansson M, Ekedahl A, Ranstam J, Zilling T. 2009. Decreasing incidence of peptic ulcer complications after the introduction of the proton pump inhibitors, a study of the Swedish population from 1974-2002. BMC Gastroenterology 9, 25-30.
Hughes AP, Jackson JM, Callen JP. 2000. Clinical features and treatment of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. Journal of the American Medical Association 284, 1546-1549.
Isomoto H, Shikuwa S, Yamaguchi N. 2009. Endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer: a large-scale feasibility study. Gut 58, 331-335.
Jain S, Meena LN, Ram P. 2016. Surgical management and prognosis of perforation secondary to typhoid fever. Tropical Gastroenterology 37, 123-128.
Kang MH, Kim SN, Kim NK. 2010. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of metastatic gastric carcinoma patients who experience gastrointestinal perforation during palliative chemotherapy. Annanls of Surgery Oncology 17, 3163-3165.
Kavic SM, Basson MD. 2001. Complications of endoscopy. American Journal of Surgery 181, 319-322.
Keenan JP, Hadley GP. 1984. The surgical management of typhoid perforation in children. Brazillian Journal of Surgery 71, 928–929.
Khalid S, Burhanulhuq, Bhatti AA. 2014. Non-traumatic spontaneous ileal perforation: experience with 125 cases. Journal of Ayub Medical Collage Abbottabad 26, 526-529.
Kiran RP, o’Brien-Ermlich B, Achkar JP. 2005. Management of peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. Diseases Colon Rectum 48, 1397-1399.
Komen N, Slieker J, Willemsen P. 2014. Acute phase proteins in drain fluid: a new screening tool for colorectal anastomotic leakage? The APPEAL study: analysis of parameters predictive for evident anastomotic leakage. American Journal of Surgery 208, 317-320.
Leenen LP, Kuypers JH. 1989. Some factors influencing the outcome of stoma surgery. Diseases of Colon Rectum 32, 500-504.
Löb S, Luetkens K, Krajinovic K, Wiegering A, Germer CT, Seyfried F. 2018. Impact of surgical proficiency levels on postoperative morbidity: a single centre analysis of 558 ileostomy reversals. International Journal of Colorectal Diseases 33, 601-608.
Lortie MA, Charbonney E. 2016. Confirming placement of nasogastric feeding tubes. Canadian Medical Association Journal 188, 96-99.
Lyon CC, Smith AJ, Griffiths CE, Beck MH. 2000. The spectrum of skin disorders in abdominal stoma patients. Brazillian Journal of Dermatology 143, 1248-1252.
LYONS AS, SIMON BE. 1960. Z-plasty for colostomy stenosis. Annanls of Surgery 151, 59-62.
Maeda K, Maruta M, Utsumi T. 2003. Pathophysiology and prevention of loop stomal prolapse in the transverse colon. Technique in Coloproctology 7, 108-112.
Manderson L. 2005. Boundary breaches: the body, sex and sexuality after stoma surgery. Social Science Medical 61, 405-409.
McCann E. 2003. Routine assessment of the patient with an ostomy. In: Wound, Ostomy, and Continence Nursing Secrets, Milne C, Corbett I, Dubuc D (Eds), Hanley and Belfus, Philadelphia.
Memon AA, Siddiqui FG, Abro AH, Agha AH, Lubna S, Memon AS. 2012. An audit of secondary peritonitis at a tertiary care university hospital of Sindh, Pakistan. World Journal of Emergencey Surgery 7, 6.
Merrell RC. 1995. The abdomen as source of sepsis in critically ill patients. Critical Care Clinics 11, 255-259.
Mohil RS, Singh T, Arya S, Bhatnagar D. 2008. Risk adjustment is crucial in comparing outcomes of various surgical modalities in patients with ileal perforation. Patient Safety Surgery 2, 31.
Moore LJ, Moore FA. 2013. Early diagnosis and evidence-based care of surgical sepsis. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 28, 107-110.
Morris CR, Harvey IM. 2003. Stebbings WS. Anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics and the risk of perforated colonic diverticular disease. Brazillian Journal of Surgery 90, 1267-1270.
Mweu E, English M. 2008. Typhoid fever in children in Africa. Tropical Medicine International Health 13, 532–540.
Nagle D, Pare T, Keenan E. 2012. Ileostomy pathway virtually eliminates readmissions for dehydration in new ostomates. Diseases Colon Rectum 55, 1266-1270.
Nakashima H, Karimine N, Asoh T. 2006.Risk factors of abdominal surgery in patients with collagen diseases. American Surgeon 72, 843- 845.
Nassour I, Fang SH. 2015. Gastrointestinal perforation. JAMA Surgery 150, 177-180.
Nastro P, Knowles CH, McGrath A. 2010. Complications of intestinal stomas. Brazillian Journal of Surgery 97, 1885-1889.
Oestreich A. E2009. Worldwide survey of damage from swallowing multiple magnets. Pediatr Radiology 39, 142-145.
Olubuyide IO, Brown NM, Higginson J, Whicher JT. 1989.The value of C- reactive protein in the diagnosis of intestinal perforation in typhoid fever. Annanls of Clinical Biochemistry 26, 246-249.
Ott V, Groebli Y, Schneider R. 2005. Late intestinal fistula formation after incisional hernia using intraperitoneal mesh. Hernia 9, 103-5.
Paquette IM. 2018. Expert Commentary on the Prevention and Management of Colostomy Complications: Retraction and Stenosis. Diseases in Colon Rectum 61, 1348-1352.
Parks NA, Schroeppel TJ. 2011. Update on imaging for acute appendicitis.Surgical Clinics of North America 91, 141-144.
Patel JR, Sahota O, Kaye PV. 2010. Fatal esophageal perforation caused by oral iron. Scandivian Journal of Gastroenterology 45, 635-639.
Persson E, Berndtsson I, Carlsson E. 2010. Stoma-related complications and stoma size – a 2-year follow up. Colorectal Diseases 12, 971-975.
Peters NJ, Mahajan JK, Bawa M. 2015 .Esophageal perforations due to foreign body impaction in children. Journal of Pediatry Surgery 50, 1260-1265.
Pieper-Bigelow C, Strocchi A, Levitt MD. 1990. Where does serum amylase come from and where does it go? Gastroenterology Clinical North America 19, 793-795.
Risty GM, Najarian MM, Shapiro SB. 2007. Multiple indomethacin-induced jejunal ulcerations with perforation: a case report with histology. American Surgery 73, 344-349.
Robles-Medranda C, Villard F, Bouvier R. 2008. Spontaneous esophageal perforation in eosinophilic esophagitis in children. Endoscopy 40, 171-177.
Salvadalena G, Hendren S, McKenna L. 2015. WOCN Society and ASCRS Position Statement on Preoperative Stoma Site Marking for Patients Undergoing Colostomy or Ileostomy Surgery. Journal of Wound Ostomy Continence Nurses 42, 249-252.
Sarr MG, Pemberton JH, Payne WS. 1982. Management of instrumental perforations of the esophagus. Journal of Thoractic Cardiovascular Surgery 84, 211-215.
Sartelli M, Abu-Zidan FM, Labricciosa FM. 2019. Physiological parameters for Prognosis in Abdominal Sepsis (PIPAS) Study: a WSES observational study. World Journal of EmergenceSurgery 14, 34-39.
Schmitz RJ, Sharma P, Badr AS. 2001. Incidence and management of esophageal stricture formation, ulcer bleeding, perforation, and massive hematoma formation from sclerotherapy versus band ligation. American Journal of Gastroenterology 96, 437-440.
Shabbir J, Britton DC. 2010. Stoma complications: a literature overview.Colorectal Diseases 12, 958-962.
Shapiro R, Chin EH, Steinhagen RM. 2010. Reduction of an incarcerated, prolapsed ileostomy with the assistance of sugar as a desiccant. Techniques in Coloproctology 14, 269-272.
Shimizu T, Marusawa H, Yamashita Y. 2010. Pneumothorax following esophageal perforation due to ingested fish bone. Clinical Gastroenterology Hepatology 8, 24-27.
Silvis SE, Nebel O, Rogers G. 1976.Endoscopic complications. Results of the 1974 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Survey. Journal of American Medical Association 235, 928-933.
Simillis C, Yamamoto T, Reese GE. 2008. A meta-analysis comparing incidence of recurrence and indication for reoperation after surgery for perforating versus nonperforating Crohn’s disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology 103, 196-199.
Singh NP, Rizk JG. 2008. Oesophageal perforation following ingestion of over-the-counter ibuprofen capsules. Journal of Laryngolotolgy 122, 864- 869.
Sinha R, Sharma N, Joshi M. 2005. Laparoscopic repair of small bowel perforation. Journal of the Society of Laparoscopic & Robotic Surgeons 9, 399–402.
Souadka A, Mohsine R, Ifrine L. 2012. Acute abdominal compartment syndrome complicating a colonoscopic perforation: a case report. Journal Medical Case Report 6, 51-55.
Spoormans I, Van Hoorenbeeck K, Balliu L, Jorens PG. 2010.Gastric perforation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: review of the literature. Resuscitation 81, 272-275.
Stamm L, Swatske ME, Hickey S. 1995.Caring for the patient with peristomal pyoderma gangrenosum. Journal of Wound Ostomy Continence Nurses; 22, 237-240.
Stewart RM, Fabian TC, Croce MA. 1994. Is resection with primary anastomosis following destructive colon wounds always safe? American Journal of Surgery 168, 316-320.
Strangfeld A, Richter A, Siegmund B. 2017. Risk for lower intestinal perforations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab in comparison to treatment with other biologic or conventional synthetic DMARDs. Annanls of Rheumtic Diseases 76, 504-510.
Suwanabol PA, Hardiman KM. 2018. Prevention and Management of Colostomy Complications: Retraction and Stenosis. Diseases of Colon Rectum 61, 1344-1347.
Tade AO, Olateju SO, Osinupebi OA, Salami BA. 2011. Typhoid Intestinal Perforations in a Tropical Tertiary Health Facility: A Prospective Study. East Cent African Journal of Surgery 16, 72– 79.
Tan KK, Chen K, Sim R. 2009.The spectrum of abdominal tuberculosis in a developed country: a single institution’s experience over 7 years. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 13, 142-145.
Turrentine FE, Denlinger CE, Simpson VB. 2015. Morbidity, mortality, cost, and survival estimates of gastrointestinal anastomotic leaks. Journal of American College of Surgery 220, 195-199.
Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL. 2015. Typhoid fever. Lancet 385, 1136-1145.
Walling AD, Sweet D. 1987. Pyoderma gangrenosum. American Fam Physician 35, 159-162.
West AB, NDSG. 2008. The pathology of diverticulitis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 42, 1137-1140.
White C. 2004.Ostomy adjustment. In: Fecal and Urinary Diversions: Management, Colwell, J, Goldberg, M, Carmel, J (Eds), Mosby, St. Louis, p 326.
Wu JT, Mattox KL, Wall MJ Jr. 2007. Esophageal perforations: new perspectives and treatment paradigms. Journal of Trauma 63, 1173-1175.
Bakhtawar Urooj, Nadia Mehreen, Munazza Laraibe, Zarak Khan, Zohra Samreen, Bushra Aziz, Beenish Mahjabeen, Nargis Taj, Ghazala Taj, Muhammad Kamran Taj (2022), The Causes of Gastrointestinal Tract Perforation and its Management; IJB, V20, N1, January, P91-115
https://innspub.net/the-causes-of-gastrointestinal-tract-perforation-and-its-management/
Copyright © 2022
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0