In-vitro acaricidal effects of betel nut (Areca catechu) and madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium) extract at varying concentrations against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
Paper Details
In-vitro acaricidal effects of betel nut (Areca catechu) and madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium) extract at varying concentrations against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
Abstract
Tick infestations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus cause significant economic losses in the Philippine cattle industry through reduced productivity and disease transmission, while increasing acaricide resistance necessitates alternative control methods. This study evaluated the acaricidal efficacy of ethanolic extracts from Betel nut (Areca catechu) and Madre de Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) against R. (B.) microplus using a Complete Randomized Design with five treatments and three replications. Madre de Cacao extract demonstrated superior efficacy, achieving 63.33-73.33% mortality within 3 hours and 100% mortality by 24 hours at both 10ml/L and 15ml/L concentrations, significantly outperforming both Betel nut extract (66.67-70% mortality by 48 hours) and commercial control (66.67% at 48 hours). Phytochemical analysis revealed that Madre de Cacao contained tannins and saponins, while Betel nut contained tannins and alkaloids, explaining their differing efficacy profiles. The rapid action and complete tick elimination by Madre de Cacao extract demonstrates its potential as an effective, sustainable alternative to conventional acaricides for managing tick infestations in cattle production, particularly valuable in tropical regions where tick populations thrive and resistance to chemical acaricides is prevalent.
Abbas A, Abbas RZ, Masood S, Iqbal Z, Khan MK, Saleemi MK, Khan JA. 2018. Acaricidal and insecticidal effects of essential oils against ectoparasites of veterinary importance. Boletín Latinoamericano Y Del Caribe De Plantas Medicinales Y Aromáticas 17(5).
Abbas RZ, Zaman MA, Sharif M, Rafique A, Saeed Z, Siddique F, Ahmad M. 2020. Anthelmintic effects and toxicity analysis of herbal dewormer against the infection of Haemonchus contortus and Fasciola hepatica in goat. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 40(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2020.083
Abubakar M, Perera PK, Iqbal A, Manzoor S. 2018. Introductory chapter: Ticks and tick-borne pathogens. In Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82510
Akharaiyi FC, Boboye B, Adetuyi FC. 2012. Antibacterial, phytochemical and antioxidant activities of the leaf extracts of Gliricidia sepium and Spathodea campanulata. World Applied Sciences Journal 16(4), 523-530.
Anto EJ, Lelo A, Ilyas S, Nainggolan M. 2020. Effect of Ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of betel nut (Areca catechu L.) in colonic goblet cells of mice (Mus musculus) given orally infective egg of Trichuris muris. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8(B), 637-642. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4878
Becker S, Webster A, Doyle RL, Martins JR, Reck J, Klafke GM. 2019. Resistance to deltamethrin, fipronil and ivermectin in the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu stricto, Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae). Ticks and tick-borne diseases 10(5), 1046-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.05.015
Borges LMF, Sousa LADD, Barbosa CDS. 2011. Perspectives for the use of plant extracts to control the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Revista brasileira de parasitologia veterinaria 20(2), 89-96. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000200001
De Leon JM, Ison MJB, Maningas RV. 2021. Madre De Cacao (Gliricidia sepium) and bottlebrush (Callistemon viminalis) leaves extract as mosquito larvicide. Science Heritage Journal (GWS) 5(1), 9-13. DOI: 10.26480/gws.01.2021.09.13
Estrada-Peña A, García Z, Sánchez HF. 2006. The distribution and ecological preferences of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Mexico. Experimental & applied acarology 38, 307-316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-006-7251-2
Fayaz MR, Abbas RZ, Abbas A, Khan MK, Raza MA, Israr M, Zaman MA. 2019. Potential of botanical driven essential oils against Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants. Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas 18(6).
Fidelis JOL, Sampaio PH, Teixeira PPM, André MR, Cadioli FA. 2014. Resistance of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus acaricides: revisão de literatura. Nucleus Animalium, Ituverava 6(1), 99-110. DOI: 10.3738/1982.2278.1037
Galay RL, Llaneta CR, Monreal MKFB, Armero III AL, Baluyut ABD, Regino CMF, Tanaka T. 2021. Molecular Prevalence of Anaplasma marginale and Ehrlichia in domestic large ruminants and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from Southern Luzon, Philippines. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8, 746705. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.746705
Gaudêncio FN, Tunholi-Alves VM, Lima MG, Gôlo PS, Da Costa Angelo I, Castro RN, Da Fonseca AH, Scott FB, Pinheiro J. 2016. Alterations in the oxidative metabolism of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in response to exposure to the insect growth regulator fluazuron. Revista Brasileira De Parasitologia Veterinária. 25(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016006
Ghosh S, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Tiwari SS, Rastogi S, Srivastava S, Rawat AKS. 2011. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of Acorus calamus extract against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Parasitology Research 108, 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2070-0
Hussain K, Abbas RZ, Abbas A, Rehman MA, Raza MA, Rehman T, Ali S. 2021. Anticoccidial and biochemical effects of Artemisia brevifolia extract in broiler chickens. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 23(04), eRBCA-2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1377
Jonsson NN, Iqbal Z. 2012. Syringe test (modified larval immersion test): A new bioassay for testing acaricidal activity of plant extracts against Rhipicephalus microplus. Veterinary Parasitology 188(3-4), 362-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.021
Kasaija PD, Estrada-Peña A, Contreras M, Kirunda H, De la Fuente J. 2021. Cattle ticks and tick-borne diseases: A review of Uganda’s situation. Ticks and tick-borne diseases 12(5), 101756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101756
Kemal J, Zerihun T, Alemu S, Sali K, Nasir M, Abraha A, Feyera T. 2020. In vitro acaricidal activity of selected medicinal plants traditionally used against ticks in eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Parasitology Research 2020(1), 7834026. DOI: 10.1155/2020/7834026
Liu DL, Wang XY, Yang B, Zhnag H. 2013. Review of pharmacological effects and toxicological information of Arecae Semen. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi (China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica) 38(14), 2273-2275.
Miller RJ, White WH, Davey RB, George JE, De Leon AP. 2011. Efficacy of spinosad against acaricide-resistant and-susceptible Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and acaricide-susceptible Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis. Journal of medical entomology 48(2), 358-365. https://doi.org/10.1603/ME08222
Nejash AA. 2016. Review of Economically Important Cattle Tick and Its Control in Ethiopia. Vector Biol J 1(1). DOI: 10.4172/2473-4810.1000104
Ostfeld RS, Price A, Hornbostel VL, Benjamin MA, Keesing F. 2006. Controlling ticks and tick-borne zoonoses with biological and chemical agents. Bioscience 56(5), 383-394. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2006)056[0383:CTATZW]2.0.CO;2
Peng W, Liu YJ, Wu N, Sun T, He XY, Gao YX, Wu CJ. 2015. Areca catechu L. (Arecaceae): A review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 164, 340-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.010
Philippine Statistics Authority. 2023. Cattle Situation Report, July to September 2023. Retrieved from: https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/lpsd/SR_Q3-2023-Cattle-Situation-Report-Signed.pdf
Rabena AR. 2007. Kakawate (Gliricidia sepium) jacq. Kunth ex. Walph coumarin as antitermitic and antimicrobial compound. Journal of ISSAAS [International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences] (Philippines).
Reck J, Klafke GM, Webster A, Dall’Agnol B, Scheffer R, Souza UA, De Souza Martins JR. 2014. First report of fluazuron resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus: a field tick population resistant to six classes of acaricides. Veterinary Parasitology 201(1-2), 128-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.012
Redondo LM, Chacana PA, Dominguez JE, Fernandez Miyakawa ME. 2014. Perspectives in the use of tannins as alternative to antimicrobial growth promoter factors in poultry. Frontiers in Microbiology 5, 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00118
Rizali A, Aziza NL, Hamsyin M. 2022. Studies on effect of betel nut extract solution on mortality of armyworm Areca (Spodoptera litura F.) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants. Ecology Environment and Conservation, 28. http://doi.org/10.53550/EEC.2022.v28i04s.002
Rodríguez MCE, Pulido NJ. 2015. Efficacy of plant extracts on the adult tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and its oviposition. Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales 20(4).
Salman M, Abbas RZ, Israr M, Abbas A, Mehmood K, Khan MK, Shah S. 2020. Repellent and acaricidal activity of essential oils and their components against Rhipicephalus ticks in cattle. Veterinary parasitology 283, 109178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109178
Shah SSA, & Khan A. 2019. One Health and Parasites. In S. Yasobant & D. Saxena (Eds.), Global Applications of One Health Practice and Care (pp. 82-112). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6304-4.ch004
Shih YT, Chen PS, Wu CH, Tseng YT, Wu YC, Lo YC. 2010. Arecoline, a major alkaloid of the areca nut, causes neurotoxicity through enhancement of oxidative stress and suppression of the antioxidant protective system. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 49(10), 1471-1479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.017
Shobha N, Keshamma E. 2023. Phytochemical Screening and Determination of Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Extracts of Betel Leaf (Piper betle) And Betel Nut (Areca Catechu). International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods 11(2). https://doi.org/11.56025/IJARESM.2023.11223347
Sivira A, Sanabria ME, Valera N, Vásquez C. 2011. Toxicity of ethanolic extracts from Lippia origanoides and Gliricidia sepium to Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval)(Acari: Tetranychidae). Neotropical entomology 40, 375-379. DOI: 10.1590/S1519-566X2011000300011
Tangalin MGG. 2011. Anthelmintic effects of processed mature betel nut as dewormer to native chicken and small ruminants (sheep and goats). Int. Peer Rev. J 1(1), 230-243. https://doi.org/10.7828/ajoh.v1i1.166
Torres LM. 2018. Madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium) and sinta (Andrographis paniculata) leaves extract as botanical animal lice and ticks remover. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 10(3S), 650-664. http://www.jfas.info
Valsoni LM, Freitas MGD, Borges DGL, Borges FDA. 2021. Status of Rhipicephalus microplus resistance to ivermectin, fipronil and fluazuron in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 30(1), e025220. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-296120201091
Ybañez AP, Mingala CN, Ybañez RHD. 2018. Historical review and insights on the livestock tick-borne disease research of a developing country: The Philippine scenario. Parasitology International 67(2), 262-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2017.11.009
Zaheer T, Imran M, Pal K, Sajid MS, Abbas RZ, Aqib AI, Rahman S. 2021. Synthesis, characterization and acaricidal activity of green-mediated ZnO nanoparticles against Hyalomma ticks. Journal of Molecular Structure 1227, 129652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129652
Zheng X, Gallot G. 2020. Dynamics of cell membrane permeabilization by saponins using terahertz attenuated total reflection. Biophysical Journal 119(4), 749-755. DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.05.040
Nancy A. Bulahan, Jayrael Baroman, Zandro O. Perez (2025), In-vitro acaricidal effects of betel nut (Areca catechu) and madre de cacao (Gliricidia sepium) extract at varying concentrations against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus; IJB, V26, N5, May, P25-33
https://innspub.net/in-vitro-acaricidal-effects-of-betel-nut-areca-catechu-and-madre-de-cacao-gliricidia-sepium-extract-at-varying-concentrations-against-rhipicephalus-boophilus-microplus/
Copyright © 2025
By Authors and International
Network for Natural Sciences
(INNSPUB) https://innspub.net
This article is published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0