home icon user icon
Welcome to International Network for Natural Sciences | INNS Pub.
Home My Account
Submit Manuscript
double_slash
breadcumb_bg

Aflatoxins exposure: a big economic, environmental and health concern

Paper Details

Review Paper 01/12/2019
Views (407) Download (19)
current_issue_feature_image
publication_file

Aflatoxins exposure: a big economic, environmental and health concern

Sadeq Anees Uddin Serdar, Mohamed Hussein Fahmy Madkour, Amani Aliwi Alrasheedi, Mazhar Hayat, Ijaz Ahmad
Int. J. Biosci.15( 6), 218-229, December 2019.
Certificate: IJB 2019 [Generate Certificate]
Key: AflatoxinsAspergillusFood safetyHealth risksMycotoxins

Abstract

Aflatoxin is one of the highly toxic metabolite produced by different species of fungi, growing in susceptible agricultural commodities. These fungi infect many crops, food items dry fruits, milk and milk made products which poses enormous economic losses and health problems worldwide. Aflatoxins are mycotoxins generated by two species of Aspergillus, a fungus found, especially hot and humid climates. Among known aflatoxins only six of these AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1, and AFM2 are usually found in staple foods. The most toxic among all types is aflatoxin B1, produced by both A. flavus and A. parasiticus. Many studies around the world have been conducted to develop methods for AFs detection and quantifications, and to assess the potential health risks of food contamination with AFs in order to reduce the health, environmental and economic burdens. AFs occurrence, toxicology, chemistry, health and environmental hazards as well as its economic burdens, their exposure control and management have been briefly discussed in this article. The available literature proved that local climatic and weather conditions in Jeddah supports the fungal growth, which may infect crops, food items, and milk products ultimately posing enormous economic losses and health problems. So there is big vulnerability of susceptible foods commodities contamination from AFs in the local markets in KSA. Although there are many studies that prove the presence of AFs in food commodities in KSA, yet there is no study to assess the potential risks of dietary exposure of AFs.As aflatoxins are known to be potential carcinogens, so their exposure via food and or feed need to be strictly regulated and controlled which otherwise may result in severe health, environmental and economic risks.

VIEWS 34
Cover PDF

Alessandra V, Tonin FG, Baptista GZ, Souto P. C, Oliveira CA. 2016. Assessment of aflatoxin exposure using serum and urinary biomarkers in São Paulo, Brazil: a pilot study. International journal of hygiene and environmental health 219(3), 294-300.

Alharbi B, Alsayeqh A, Draz A, Fat’hi S. 2019. Evaluation of Extraction Procedures Efficiency for Determination Of Aflatoxins B1 and M1 in Raw Cow’s Milk Collected from Dairy Farms in Qassim Region, Saudi Arabia. Alexandria Journal for Veterinary Sciences 60(2), 120-128.

Anfossi L, D’Arco G, Calderara M, Baggiani C, Giovannoli C, Giraudi G. 2011. Development of a quantitative lateral flow immunoassay for the detection of aflatoxins in maize. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment 28, 226-234.

Bacaloni A, Cavaliere C, Cucci F, Patrizia F. 2008. Determination of aflatoxins in hazelnuts by various sample preparation methods and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography 1179, 182-189.

Bakirci I. 2001. A study on the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products produced in Van province of Turkey. Food Control 12. 47-51.

Bandyopadhyay R, Cotty P. 2011. Presentation at Annual Meeting of APS/IAPPS 6-10, August 2011, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Bennett JW, Klich M. 2003.  Mycotoxins. Clinical Microbilogy reviews 16(3), 497-516.

Bhat RV, Vasanthi S. 2003. Food Safety in Food Security and Food Trade: Mycotoxin Food safety Risk in Developing Countries. Washington D.C. International Food Policy Research Institute.

Bhumi RN, Raghavender CR. 2007.Outbreak of Aflatoxicosis in India, African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 7, 201-213.

Castegnaro M, McGregor D. 1998. Carcinogenic risk assessment of mycotoxins. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 149, 671-678.

Cornell University. 2009. Aflatoxins: Occurrence and Health Risks. In Plant Poisonous in Livestock. Cornell University, Department of Animal Science. http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/aflatoxin/aflatoxin.htm

Cotty PJ, Jaime-Garcia R. 2007. Influences of climate on aflatoxin producing fungi and aflatoxins contamination, Int. Journal of Food Microbiology 119, 109-116.

Creppy EE. 2002. Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology Letters 9, 127-19.

David GS, Gary PM. 2010. Mycotoxins in Crops: A Threat to Human and Domestic Animal Health, retrieved online on 20 Feb. 2016. http://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/topics/Mycotoxins/Pages/RecentOutbreaks.aspx

Dors GC, Caldas SS, Feddern V, Bemvenuti RH, Hackbart HCS, Souza MM, Oliveira MS, Garda-Buffon J, Primel EG, Badiale-Furlong, E. 2011. Aflatoxins: Contamination, Analysis and Control. In Aflatoxins-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 16, 415-438.

Doyle ME. 2007. Microbial Food Spoilage, Losses and Control Strategies, Food Research Institute, p.3. Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (2006), ServSafe Essentials, 4th Edition, Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated, p 3-4.

EFSA. 2012. (European Food Safety Authority) Assessing the safety of genotoxic and carcinogenic impurities: the Margin of Exposure approach   http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/120330.

EFSA. 2015. Margin of Exposure, available online: accessed date: May 2016. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/marginofexposure

European Food safety Authority (EFSA). 2012. The effect on the dietary exposure of an increase of the level for aflatoxin total from 4μg/kg to 10μg/kg for dried figs, (EFSA), Parma, Italy

Farag RMM, AlAyobi D, Kwon HJ, Afaf EL. 2018. Relationship between Aflatoxin B1 Exposure and Etiology of Liver Disease in Saudi Arabian Patients. Journal of pure and applied microbiology 12, 1147-1153.

Food Safety Watch. 2013. Aflatoxins, the science of safe food, available online: Accesseddate: 23 Feb. 2016. http://www.foodsafetywatch.org/factsheets/aflatoxins/

Gimeno A. 2004. Aflatoxina M1 no leite. Riscos para a saúde pública, prevenção e controlo. Alimentação Animal (Revista de la Associação Portuguesa dos Industriais de Alimentos Compostos para Animais 49, 32-44.

Gong YY, Egal S, Hounsa A, Turner PC, Hall AJ, Cardwell KF, Wild CP. 2003. Determination of aflatoxin exposure in young children from Benin and Togo, West Africa: the critical role of weaning. Int. Journal of Epidemiology 32, 556-562.

Hendrickse R. 1999. Of sickturkeys, kwashiorkor, malaria, perinatal mortality, heroin addicts and food poisoning: Research on the influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropics. Annals of Tropical Pediatrics 19, 229-36.

Ho JA, Wauchope RD. 2002. A Strip Liposome Immunoassay for Aflatoxin B1. Analytical Chemistry 74, 1493-1496.

IARC. 2002. Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene, and styrene. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 82, 541-556.

JECFA. 1998. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminations, WHO Food additives Series 40, Aflatoxins In the forty-ninth meeting of the joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. Geneva: World health Organization.

John LR. 2008. Discovery of Aflatoxins and Significant Historical Features, Toxins Reviews 27, Retrieved Online on 20 Feb. 2016; http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15569540802462040.

Kirk GD, Bah E, Montesano R. 2006. Molecular epidemiology of human liver cancer: Insights into etiology, pathogenesis, and prevention from The Gambia. Carcinogenesis 27, 2070-82.

Kumar P, Mahato DK, Kamle M, Mohanta TK, Kang SG. 2017. Aflatoxins: a global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Frontiers in microbiology 7, 2170-2182.

Lee NA, Wang S, Allan RD, Kennedy IR. 2004. A rapid aflatoxin B1 ELISA: development and validation with reduced matrix effects for peanuts, corn, pistachio and soyabeans. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 52, 2746-2755.

Magdi EM, Ahmed HS. 2015. A multiparameter investigation into adverse effects of aflatoxin on Orechromis niloticus health status, the journal of basic and applied zoology 71, 48-59.

Marasas WF. 2001. Discovery and Occurrence of the fumonisins: A historical perspective. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 239-243.

Mehdi RA, Chang PK, Shams-Ghahfarokhi M, Rai M. 2014. Global health issues of aflatoxins in food and agriculture: challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in microbiology 5, 420-429

Muscarella M, Lo Magro S, Palermo C, Centonze D. 2007. Validation according to European Commission Decision ‘02/657/EC of a confirmatory method for aflatoxin M1in milk based on immunoaffinity columns and high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Analytica chimica acta 594, 257-264.

Nayak M, Kotian A, Marathe S, Chakravortty D. 2009. Detection ofmicroorganisms using biosensors-A smarter way towards detection techniques. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 25, 661-667.

Ngindu A, Kenya PR, Ocheng DM. 1982. Outbreak of acute hepatitis by aflatoxin poisoning in Kenya. Lancet 319, 1346–1348.

Saleemullah AI, Khalil IA, Shah H. 2006. Aflatoxin contents of stored and artificially inoculated cereals and nuts. Food Chemistry 98, 699-703.

Salter R, Douglas D, Tess M, Markovsky B, Saul SJ. 2006. Interlaboratory study of the Charm ROSA Safe Level Aflatoxin M1 Quantitative lateral flow test for raw bovine milk. Journal of AOAC International 89, 1327-1334.

Shephard GS. 2003. Aflatoxin and food safety: recent African perspectives. Journal of Toxicology 22, 267–286.

Stroka J, Van Otterdijk R, Anklam E. 2000. Immunoaffinity column clean-up prior to thin-layer chromatography for the determination of aflatoxins in various food matrices. Journal of Chromatography 904, 251-256.

Strosnider H, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Banziger M, Bhat RV, Breiman R. 2006. Public Health Strategies for Reducing Aflatoxin Exposure in Developing Countries: A Workshop report. Environmental Health Perspectives 12, 1898-1903.

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 2012. How Microorganisms Affect Food Safety and Quality, pp. 1-2 (Retrieved Online) http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/FST/FST-57/FST-57_PDF.pdf.

WHO. 2015. Food safety, Risk assessment, available online: accessed date; 27 Feb. 2016. www.who.int/foodsafety/riskanalysis/riskassessment/en/

Williams JH, Phillips TD, Jolly PE, Stiles JK, Jolly CM, Aggarwal D. 2004. Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 80, 1106–1122.

Wild C, Gong Y. 2010. Mycotoxins and human disease: a largely ignored global health issue. Carcinogenesis 31, 71-82.

Winter G, Pereg L. 2019. A review on the relation between soil and mycotoxins: Effect of aflatoxin on field, food and finance. European Journal of Soil Science 70, 882-897.

Wogan GN, Busby WF. 1980. Natural occurring carcinogens. In: Toxic Constituents in Plant Foodstuffs. Liener IE, ed. Academic Press NY, 502 pps.

Xiaoxia D, Wu L, Li P, Zhang Z, Zhou H, Bai Y, Jiang J. 2015. Risk Assessment on Dietary Exposure to Aflatoxin B1 in Post-Harvest Peanut in the Yangtze River Ecological Region. Toxins 7, 4157-4174 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins 7104157.

Zhang NY, Qi M, Gao X, Zhao L, Liu J, Gu CQ, Song WJ, Krumm CS, Sun LH, Qi DS. 2016. Response of the hepatic transcriptome to aflagtoxin B1 in ducklings, Toxins 1, 69-79.

Submit Manuscript