CITRUS PEEL POLYPHENOLS: RECENT UPDATES AND PERSPECTIVES

Abe H, Ishioka M, Fujita Y, Umeno A, Yasunaga M, Sato A, Yoshida Y. 2018. Yuzu (Citrus junos Tanaka) peel attenuates dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine experimental colitis. Journal of oleo science, ess17184. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess17184

Apraj VD, Pandita NS. 2016. Evaluation of skin anti-aging potential of Citrus reticulatablanco peel. Pharmacognosy research 8, 160. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F09748490.182913

Ahmed OM, Hassan MA, Abdel-Twab SM, Azeem MNA. 2017. Navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract, naringin and naringenin have anti-diabetic potentials in type 2 diabetic rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 94, 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.094

Alam MA, Sagor AT, Tabassum N, Ulla A, Shill MC, Rahman GMS, Reza HM. 2018. Caffeic acid rich Citrus macroptera peel powder supplementation prevented oxidative stress, fibrosis and hepatic damage in CCl 4 treated rats. Clinical Phytoscience 4, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40816-018-0074-y

Alu’datt MH, Rababah T, Alhamad MN, Al-Mahasneh MA, Ereifej K, Al-Karaki G, Ghozlan KA. 2017. Profiles of free and bound phenolics extracted from Citrus fruits and their roles in biological systems: content, and antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive properties. Food & function 9, 3187-3197.

Ahmed W, Azmat R, Qayyum A, Khan SU, Khan SM, Ahmed S, Moin S. 2019. Extraction of diverse polyphenols in relation with storage periods of Citrus paradisi CV. Shamber through HPLC–DAD technique using different solvent. Journal offood science and technology 56, 384-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3499-x

Ascrizzi R, Taglieri I, Sgherri C, Flamini G, Macaluso M, Sanmartin C, Zinnai A. 2019. Nutraceutical Oils Produced by Olives and Citrus Peel of Tuscany Varieties as Sources of Functional Ingredients. Molecules 24, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010065

Alhoi HH, Edy FI, Nyoman EL. 2018. Antimicrobial Activity of Lemon (Citrus limon) Peel Extract Against Escherichia coli. ASRJETS. 1. http://asrjetsjournal.org/

Ballistreri G, Fabroni S, Romeo FV. Timpanaro N, Amenta M, Rapisarda P. 2019. Anthocyanins and Other Polyphenols in Citrus Genus: Biosynthesis, Chemical Profile, and Biological Activity Polyphenols in Plants. Elsevier 195-215

Baba S, Ueno Y, Kikuchi T, Tanaka R, Fujimori K. 2016. A limonoidKihadanin B from immature Citrus unshiu peels suppresses adipogenesis through repression of the Akt-FOXO1-PPARγ axis in adipocytes. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 64, 9607-9615. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04521

Castro VL, Alañón ME, Rodríguez RV, Pérez MS, Hermosín GI, Díaz MC, Jordán J, Galindo MF, Arroyo J. 2016 Bioactive flavonoids, antioxidant behaviour, and cytoprotective effects of dried grapefruit peels (Citrus paradisiMacf.). Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8915729

Chaabane M, Elwej A, Ghorbel I, Boudawara T, Zeghal N, Soudani N. 2017. Citrus aurantium L. peel extract mitigates hexavalent chromium-induced oxidative stress and cardiotoxicity in adult rats 8, 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/pbr.3.2.8

Chandrappa CP, Smitha BM, Chandrasekar N, Govindappa M. 2017. Effect of Citrus medica L Fruit Peel Extract on Genotoxicity Induced by Cyclophosphamide in Mice Bone Marrow Cells. International Journal of Microbiological Research 8, 43-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.ijmr.2017.43.47

Chen XM, Tait AR, Kitts DD. 2017. Flavonoid composition of orange peel and its association with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Food chemistry 218, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.016

Casacchia T, Occhiuzzi MA, Grande F, Rizzuti B, Granieri MC, Rocca C, Statti G. 2019. A pilot study on the nutraceutical properties of the Citrus hybrid Tacle® as a dietary source of polyphenols for supplementation in metabolic disorders. Journal of Functional Foods 52, 370-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.11.030

Diab KA. 2016. In Vitro Studies on Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Immunomodulatory, and Antigenotoxic Activities of Lemon, Grapefruit, and Mandarin Citrus Peels. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 17, 3559-3567. http://dx.doi.org/10.14456/apjcp.2016.134/APJCP.2016.17.7.3559

Ernawita WR, Hesse J, Hipler UC, Elsner P, Böhm V. 2016. Carotenoids of indigenous citrus species from Aceh and its in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic and antibacterial activities. European Food Research and Technology 242, 1869-1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-016-2686-0

Fayek NM, El-Shazly AH, Abdel-Monem AR, Moussa MY, Abd-Elwahab SM, El-Tanbouly ND. 2017. Comparative study of the hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic effects of four agro-waste Citrus peels cultivars and their HPLC standardization. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 27, 488-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2017.01.010

Gao X, Wang C, Ning C, Liu K, Wang X, Liu Z, Meng Q. 2018. Hepatoprotection of auraptene from peels of citrus fruits against thioacetamide-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice by activating farnesoid X receptor. Food & function 9, 2684-2694.

Guo J, Cao Y, Ho CT, Jin S, Huang Q. 2017. Aged citrus peel (chenpi) extract reduces lipogenesis in differentiating 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of Functional Foods 34, 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2017.04.042

Guo J, Tao H, Cao Y, Ho CT, Jin S, Huang Q. 2016. Prevention of obesity and type 2 diabetes with aged citrus peel (Chenpi) extract. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 64, 2053-2061. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06157

Gui L, Wang J, Yu C, Xiang T, Yu Z, Qiang W, Fang G, Guang L, Xin Z, Hua W. 2018. Prophylactic Effects of Polymethoxyflavone-Rich Orange Peel Oil on Nω-Nitro-L-Arginine-Induced Hypertensive Rats. Applied Sciences 8, 752. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050752

Han HY, Lee SK, Choi BK, Lee DR, Lee HJ, Kim TW. 2019. Preventive Effect of Citrus aurantium Peel Extract on High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver in Mice. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 42, 255-260. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b18-00702

Homayouni F, Haidari F, Hedayati M, Zakerkish M, Ahmadi K. 2018. Blood pressure lowering and anti‐inflammatory effects of hesperidin in type 2 diabetes; a randomized double‐blind controlled clinical trial. Phytotherapy research 32, 1073-1079. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6046

He W, Li X, Peng Y, He X, Pan S. 2019. Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Melanogenic Properties of Essential Oil from Peel of Pomelo cv. Guan Xi. Molecules 24, 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020242

Igase M, Okada Y, Ochi M, Igase K, Ochi H, Okuyama S, Ohyagi Y. 2018. Auraptene in the peels of Citrus kawachiensis (Kawachibankan) contributes to the preservation of cognitive function: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in healthy volunteers. The journal of prevention of Alzheimer’s disease 5, 197-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2017.47

Joshi R, Kulkarni YA, Wairkar S. 2018. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and formulations aspects of Naringenin: an update. Life sciences 215, 43-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.10.066

Kang S, Song S, Lee J, Chang H, Lee S. 2018. Clinical investigations of the effect of Citrus unshiu peel pellet on obesity and lipid profile. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4341961

Kim GN, Shin MR, Shin SH, Lee AR, Lee JY, Seo BI, Roh SS. 2016. Study of antiobesity effect through inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity of Diospyros kaki fruit andCitrusunshiu peel. BioMed research international. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1723042

Kim JK, Park NH, Hwang JS, Baek JH, Jeong HW. 2018. Effect of Oral Intake of A Mixture Containing Natural Citrus Peel Extract, Vitamin C, and L-Cystine on Skin Brightness in Healthy Women. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 6, 655-659. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/jfnr-6-10-6

Kim TW, Lee DR, Choi BK, Kang HK, Jung JY, Lim SW, Suh JW. 2016. Hepatoprotective effects of polymethoxyflavones against acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride intoxication. Food and Chemical Toxicology 91, 91-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2016.03.004

Kuo PC, Liao YR, Hung HY, Chuang CW.  Hwang TL, Huang SC, Wu TS. 2017. Anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective constituents from  the peels of Citrus grandis. Molecules 22, 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22060967

Kawabata K, Yoshioka Y, Terao J. 2019. Role of intestinal microbiota in the bioavailability and physiological functions of dietary polyphenols. Molecules 24, 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020370

Lee HJ, Im AR, Kim SM, Kang HS, Lee JD, Chae S. 2018. The flavonoid hesperidin exerts anti-photoaging effect by downregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 expression via mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent signaling pathways. BMC complementary and alternative medicine 18, 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-2058-8

Lin ZH, Luo WT, Chan YF, Su ZY. 2017. Chemopreventive effect of aged citrus peel (Chenpi) extracts against tumor initiator acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity through regulating Nrf2 pathway. In CANCER RESEARCH 77, 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/15387445.AM2017-LB-177

Li Y, Kandhare AD, Mukherjee AA, BodhankarS L. 2019. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity studies of hesperidin isolated from orange peel extract in Sprague Dawley rats. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.001

Mollace V, Scicchitano M, Paone S, Casale F, Calandruccio C, Gliozzi M, Nucera S. 2019. Hypoglycemic and Hypolipemic Effects of a New Lecithin Formulation of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction: A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders) 19, 136-143. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530319666181203151513

Nakajima VM, Madeira Jr JV, Macedo GA, Macedo JA. 2016. Biotransformation effects on anti lipogenic activity of citrus extracts. Food chemistry. 197, 1046-1053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.109

Nishad J, Saha S, Dubey AK, Varghese E, Kaur C. 2019. Optimization and comparison of non-conventional extraction technologies for Citrus paradisi L. peels: a valorization approach. Journal of food science and technology 56, 1221-1233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03585-0

Okuyama S, Shinoka W, Nakamura K, Kotani M, Sawamoto A, Sugawara K, Furukawa Y. 2018. Suppressive effects of the peel of Citrus kawachiensis (Kawachi Bankan) on astroglial activation, tau phosphorylation, and inhibition of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 82, 1384-1395. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2018.1469396

Onuma W, Asai D, Tomono S, Miyamoto S, Fujii G, Hamoya T, Wakabayashi K. 2017. Anticarcinogenic effects of dried citrus peel in colon carcinogenesis due to inhibition of oxidative stress. Nutrition and cancer 69, 855-861. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2017.1339096

Oboh G, Olasehinde TA, Ademosun AO. 2017. Inhibition of enzymes linked to type-2 diabetes and hypertension by essential oils from peels of orange and lemon. International Journal of Food Properties 20, 586–594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2017.13037s09

Pan MH, Yang G, Li S, Li MY, Tsai ML, Wu JC, Lai CS. 2017. Combination of citrus polymethoxyflavones, green tea polyphenols, and Lychee extracts suppresses obesity and hepatic steatosis in high‐fat diet induced obese mice. Molecular nutrition & food research 61, 1601104. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201601104

Sathiyabama RG, Gandhi GR, Denadai M, Sridharan G, Jothi G, Sasikumar P, Ramos AGB. 2018. Evidence of insulin-dependent signalling mechanisms produced by Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck fruit peel in an insulin resistant diabetic animal model. Food and Chemical Toxicology 116, 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.050

Selmi S, Rtibi K, Grami D, Sebai H, Marzouki L. 2017. Protective effects of orange (Citrus sinensis L.) peel aqueous extract and hesperidin on oxidative stress and peptic ulcer induced by alcohol in rat. Lipids in health and disease 16, 152. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0546-y

Setyawati I, Anggraeni R. 2018. Effectiveness of Sweet Orange Peel Extract (Citrus sinensis) on The Improvement of Liver Functions of Animal Trials Induced by Cigarette Smoke. Journal of Young Pharmacists 10, 132.

Shan Y. 2016. Chapter 1–Functional Components of Citrus Peel. In: Comprehensive Utilization of Citrus By-Products. Academic Press, 1-17

Shim JH, Chae JI, Cho SS. 2019. Identification and Extraction Optimization of Active Constituents in Citrus junosSeib ex TANAKA Peel and Its Biological Evaluation. Molecules 24, 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040680

Shimizu C, Wakita Y, Inoue T, Hiramitsu M, Okada M, Mitani Y, Nabeshima T. 2019. Effects of lifelong intake of lemon polyphenols on aging and intestinal microbiome in the senescence-accelerated mouse prone 1 (SAMP1). Scientific reports 9, 3671. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40253-x

Smeriglio A, Cornara L, Denaro M, Barreca D, Burlando B, Xiao J, Trombetta D. 2019. Antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of an ancient Mediterranean citrus (Citrus lumiaRisso) albedo extract: Microscopic observations and polyphenol characterization. Food chemistry 279, 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.138

Son ES, Park J, Park HR, Han W, Yun DE, Kwon OC, Lee CS. 2018. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Quercetogetin Isolated from Citrus Unshiu Peel Involves Suppression of NF-κB and MAPK Signaling Pathways in LPS-induced RAW 264(7), Macrophages. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201811.0229.v1

Sapna B, Shetty Prabu Mahin SI, Shaji V, Bibin TG, Pathinettam  KT, Deepak B, Shaista H, Sreeja S, Darshan DD. 2016. Antimicrobial effects of Citrus sinensis peel extracts against dental caries bacteria: An in vitro study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry 8, 71–77. https://dx.doi.org/10.4317%2Fjced.52493

Su D, Liu H, Qi X, Dong L, Zhang R, Zhang J. 2019. Citrus peel flavonoids improve lipid metabolism by inhibiting miR-33 and miR-122 expression in HepG2 cells. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2019.1608807

Thieme C, Westphal A, Malarski A, Böhm V. 2019. Polyphenols, Vitamin C, in Vitro Antioxidant Capacity, α-Amylase and COX-2 Inhibitory Activities of Citrus Samples from Aceh, Indonesia. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000481

Tung YC, Chang WT, Li S, Wu JC, Badmeav V, Ho CT, Pan MH. 2018. Citrus peel extracts attenuated obesity and modulated gut microbiota in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Food & function 9, 3363-3373.

Wahyuono R, Hesse J, Hipler UC, Elsner P, Böhm V. 2017. In vitro lipophilic antioxidant capacity, antidiabetic and antibacterial activity of citrus fruits extracts from Aceh, Indonesia. Antioxidants 6, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox6010011

Wang M, Meng D, Zhang P, Wang X, Du G, Brennan C, Zhao H. 2018. Antioxidant protection of nobiletin, 5-demethylnobiletin, tangeretin, and 5-demethyltangeretin from citrus peel in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 66, 3155-3160. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00509

Wang X, Li S, Wei CC, Huang J, Pan MH, Shahidi F, Ho CT. 2018. Anti-inflammatory effects of polymethoxy-flavones from citrus peels: a review. Journal of food bioactives 3, 76-86. https://doi.org/10.31665/JFB.2018.3150

Xua S, Konga GY, Jiaoa ER. 2019. Tangeretin promotes regulatory T cell differentiation by inhibiting Notch1/Jagged1 signaling in allergic rhinitis. International Immunopharmacology 72, 402-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.039

Zheng DG, Hu PJ, Chao XY, Zhou Y, Yang JX, Chen ZB, Yu YX, Cai Y. 2019. Nobiletin induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma C666‐1 cells through regulating PARP‐2/SIRT1/AMPK signaling pathway. Food Science and Nutrition 7, 1104-1112. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.953